Lightning is caused when there is a significant amount of electrons and protons in a cloud, which happens then when they "meet" each other within a thunderstorm. Electrons are negative charges, when protons are positive charges.

In the Quran, we encounter this, in a specific chapter, and two specific verses within that chapter.

This chapter is chapter 13, called The Thunder.

This chapter, which consists of 43 verses in total, mentions the words 'thunder' and 'lightning' in two verses only, in verse 12 and 13, respectively, as we can see in this image :

Quranic Arabic Corpus - dictionary of the Quran

The electron/proton mass ratio is 1/1836, a widely accepted scientific value concerning the mass of the electron compared to that of the proton. Thus the proton is 1836 times heavier than the electron, basically.

The electron was discovered by J. J. Thomson, in 1897, in his work with the cathode rays, as for the proton, its name was given by Ernest Rutherford in 1920 respectively, who has also studied the proton for years and is credited with having discovered it.

Amongst the natural elements, the Hydrogen has one proton and one electron in its nuclei, its isotope 'protium'. The symbol of this isotope is ¹H, the '1' means one proton.

All of this can be easily checked online. 

Now, the reason I am putting all this here, is none other the fact that we will see them all within the holy Quran, in chapter 13, The Thunder. 

As mentioned, in the chapter, only verses 12 & 13 mention the words 'lightning' and 'thunder' :

Chapter 13 verse 12 : "It is He who shows you lightning, [causing] fear and aspiration, and generates the heavy clouds."

Chapter 13 verse 13 : "The thunder glorifies His praises, as do the angels in awe of Him. He sends thunderbolts, striking with them whoever He wills. Yet they dispute about Allah. And He is tremendous in might."

Allah speaks about the heavy clouds, in the same verse where He speaks about lightning. Right after He says that it is He Who shows us lightning, He says that it is He indeed Who produces the heavy clouds, so surely those heavy clouds are the thunderstorms, the very clouds with lightning within themselves, the clouds that generate lightning, thus the clouds with lots of protons & electrons. 

I will adress their discovery date first.

If we put the number of the chapter and the number of the verse together, for both verses, we obtain 1312 and 1313 obviously.

In Islam calendars, there is Hijri calendar, and Rumi calendar, both year count starts from Islam's era, with just 1 or 2 years apart from each other.

In Rumi calendar, 1312/1313 is exactly 1897, the year in which the electron was discovered.

The 12th verse of this chapter is the 1719th verse of the Quran, and the following verse, the 13th verse, is the 1720th verse of the Quran. So we obtain 1920 here if we pay attention, 1719 and 1720, the year in which the name proton was given for the Hydrogen nucleis, by Ernest Rutherford who is known as the scientist who discovered the proton. 

As we've said it, the 12th verse which speaks about lightning has the word 'cloud' within itself, where God says that it is He Who generates those heavy thunderous clouds.

The word 'cloud' in Arabic, in that verse, is the following :

ٱلسَّحَابَ

There's something interesting in this word. 2 letters have our attention here, the letter Elif (the 5th letter) and H (the 4th letter). As we've mentioned it on this website, in the Abjad system, the Arabic letters have their own gematrical values :

The gematrical value of the letter Elif is 1.

As for the H, there's two H in the Abjad alphabets, one whose gematrical value is 5 and the other whose gematrical value is 8. In this verse, the letter H that we have in the word 'cloud' is the one whose numerical value is 8, respectively.

So, we've got 1 and 8, 18 when put together.

Counting the total number of letters from the beginning of the verse up to the word 'cloud', we have exactly 36 letters.

Now putting them side by side is 1836. We mentioned how the mass ratio of electron/proton is 1/1836 respectively.

Now what does this have to do with electron and proton? Well, as we said it, the gematrical value of the letter Elif, is 1. This letter here we do not pronounce it, when the H we do pronounce it. So if we take the gematrical value of Elif, and we take the letter H as it is, we have 1H, which is the symbol of hydrogen's protium representing the electron and the proton.

Now, the critical temperature of Hydrogen, in Kelvin, is 33.18K. Or it is also accepted that it is 33.20K, and 33.19K, respectively. We can also see 33.24K. All of these values are estimated values, they're the culmination of the work put in by scientists who measured the critical temperature of the Hydrogen in the last century. Amongst them being 33.18K, first measured in 1917, which when we read the position of verse 12 (1719) backwards it's 1917 :

If we add up all the gematrical values of verse 12, we have 3318 in total, and the verse is the 1719th verse of the Quran as we said, which when we reverse the number is 1917. Now it is also said that proton was discovered in 1917, but I haven't found credible sources concerning this. Anywho, I shall actually give below the proof that we get 3318 :